What Is Mycoplasma Hominis?
Mycoplasma hominis is a type of bacteria that can live in the genital and urinary tracts of both women and men. It spreads mostly through sexual contact and is often found alongside other infections like bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas vaginalis.
Many people with M. hominis don’t show symptoms, but in some cases it may cause vaginal discharge, irritation, or inflammation. Although it’s still debated whether M. hominis causes disease on its own, studies suggest it may be linked to conditions like pelvic infections, infertility, or complications during pregnancy—especially in people with a history of unprotected sex or multiple partners
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
Mycoplasma Hominis
Quick Facts About Mycoplasma Hominis
Prevalence: In Durban, M. hominis was detected in 48.8% of HIV-positive pregnant women and 34.9% of HIV-negative women (Redelinghuys et al., 2013).
Chronic infection: M. hominis can persist in the genital tract for long periods—even years—without treatment, potentially leading to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, or pregnancy complications.
Asymptomatic: Many individuals, especially women, show no symptoms despite infection, making it easy to overlook without testing (Redelinghuys et al., 2013).
Coinfections: Coinfection with other pathogens like Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, or Ureaplasma species is common and may increase inflammation or risk of complications.
Drug resistance: M. hominis does not respond to standard antibiotics, raising concerns for treatment options in South Africa (JIDC, 2024).
How Do You Get Mycoplasma Hominis?
Mycoplasma hominis is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal and anal sex, and possibly oral sex (Redelinghuys et al., 2013). It can also be passed from mother to baby during childbirth (Witkin et al., 2013). The risk is higher among individuals with multiple sexual partners or those who do not use condoms (JIDC, 2024). Although it can live harmlessly in some people, it may cause infections when it spreads to the urinary or reproductive tract—particularly in women. Since it is often asymptomatic, many people may carry or transmit it without knowing (Redelinghuys et al., 2013).
How To Protect Yourself Against Mycoplasma Hominis
You cannot fully protect yourself against Mycoplasma hominis, but you can lower your chances of getting this infection:
✔ Using condoms: Condoms during vaginal, anal, and possibly oral sex can reduce the risk by preventing direct contact and the exchange of bodily fluids (Redelinghuys et al., 2013; JIDC, 2024).
✔ Get regular STI testing: Because M. hominis is often asymptomatic, regular testing is essential—especially if you are sexually active with new or multiple partners (Redelinghuys et al., 2013).
✔ Limit number of sexual partners: Reducing your number of sexual partners lowers your risk of being exposed to STIs like M. hominis (JIDC, 2024).
✔ Early antenatal care: Pregnant individuals should be screened early in pregnancy to help reduce the risk of complications linked to M. hominis, such as preterm labour or low birth weight (Witkin et al., 2013).
Symptoms of Mycoplasma Hominis
The symptoms of Mycoplasma hominis can vary between men and women, and many people may not show any symptoms at all. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
| Symptom | Description |
|---|---|
| Vaginal Discharge | Abnormal discharge that may be thick and foul-smelling. |
|
Pelvic Pain |
Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen, especially during or after sexual intercourse. |
|
Burning During Urination |
A painful or burning sensation when urinating, often due to irritation of the urinary tract. |
| Painful Intercourse (Dyspareunia) |
Discomfort during sex, which may be associated with vaginal inflammation or irritation. |
|
Vulvar Itching or Redness |
Itching or redness around the external genital area, often caused by inflammation. |
| Cervicitis (Inflammation of the Cervix) | Swelling or irritation of the cervix, which may cause bleeding or discomfort. |
| Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) | Frequent urination, pain or discomfort while urinating, and possibly blood in urine. |
| Asymptomatic | Many individuals may show no symptoms at all, making it difficult to detect without testing. |
Note: Some individuals with M. hominis may not experience any symptoms, which is why testing is important, especially for those with sexual risk factors.
After Exposure, When Will Symptoms Start?
The symptoms of Mycoplasma hominis typically develop within a few days to weeks after exposure, though they may appear much later, or not at all. In many cases, the infection can be asymptomatic, especially in women, and might not show symptoms for months or even years. This makes it difficult to know when the infection was contracted.
> In women, symptoms like vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, or painful intercourse may appear within a few days to weeks after exposure.
> In men, symptoms like painful urination or penile discharge may also appear within a few days to weeks after exposure.
What Happens If You Ignore Mycoplasma Hominis?
If Mycoplasma hominis is left untreated, it can lead to several health complications, especially in the reproductive and urinary systems. Here’s what might happen:
| Men | Women | Everyone |
|---|---|---|
| Urethritis: M. hominis can cause inflammation of the urethra, leading to painful urination and possible scarring of the urethra. | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): M. hominis can contribute to the development of PID, an infection of the reproductive organs. PID can cause chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb). | Chronic Infections: The infection can persist for months or years, increasing the chances of long-term health issues. |
| Prostatitis: In some cases, untreated infections may spread to the prostate, causing pain and potentially affecting fertility. | Infertility: Persistent infection may affect the fallopian tubes and ovaries, making it harder for women to get pregnant. | Transmission to Others: Since many people with M. hominis don’t show symptoms, the bacteria can be unknowingly transmitted to sexual partners, causing a cycle of infection. |
| Increased Risk of STIs: Ignoring the infection may increase susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. | Pregnancy Complications: It has been linked to premature labour, low birth weight, and complications during delivery, including infections passed to the baby during childbirth. | Antibiotic Resistance: M. hominis is resistant to certain antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat if ignored. This can lead to complications and longer treatment periods once symptoms emerge. |
| Chronic Pelvic Pain: Untreated infections may lead to long-term discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen, affecting daily life. |
Ignoring M. hominis can ultimately lead to severe reproductive health issues, so it’s important to seek treatment if you suspect an infection or have been exposed. Regular testing and early treatment are key to preventing long-term effects.
Is Mycoplasma Hominis Treatable?
Yes, Mycoplasma hominis is treatable, and the treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics prescribed by healthcare providers. At Epicentre Health Research, we work closely with trusted treatment partners who specialize in managing and treating M. hominis infections.
How To Test For Mycoplasma Hominis With Epicentre
To test for Mycoplasma hominis, Epicentre offers a range of STI tests
Why Is STI Testing The Start Of A Health Relationship
Regular STI testing helps to protect both partners from potential infections and prevent the spread of STIs to others. It is also a sign of respect and trust for each other, as it shows that both partners are committed to maintaining their sexual health and the health of their relationship.
STI testing is crucial as it begins a relationship with open communication and honesty, which are crucial components of any healthy relationship. By starting with STI testing, partners can set the foundation for a strong and lasting relationship built on mutual respect, trust, and a shared commitment to sexual health.
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