Candida albicans is a type of fungus that naturally lives in the human body, particularly in areas like the mouth, throat, gut, and genital tract. Under normal conditions, it coexists with other microorganisms in the body without causing harm. However, if the balance of the gut or other areas is disrupted, Candida can overgrow and lead to candidiasis, an infection commonly known as a yeast infection (Calderone & Nickerson, 2017).

When Candida grows too much, it can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the area of the body it infects. In the mouth, it can cause thrush (white patches on the tongue and inside the cheeks), while in the genital area, it may lead to vaginal yeast infections (itching, discharge, and pain). It can also affect the skin, and in more severe cases, it can invade deeper tissues or the bloodstream, leading to systemic infections, particularly in people with weakened immune systems (Pappas et al., 2018).

✔ What it is: A common fungus (yeast) naturally found in the human body, particularly in the mouth, gut, and genital tract (Calderone & Nickerson, 2017).

✔ How it spreads: Normally harmless, but overgrowth can occur due to changes in the body’s environment, like weakened immunity, antibiotics, or hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy or diabetes).

✔ Symptoms:

Oral thrush (white patches in the mouth and on the tongue).

Vaginal yeast infections (itching, pain, and abnormal discharge).

Skin infections (red, itchy rashes).

Systemic infections in severe cases, especially in people with weakened immune systems (Pappas et al., 2018).

✔ Who’s most at risk:

People with weakened immune systems (e.g., due to HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy).

Pregnant women, those with diabetes, or those using antibiotics for long periods.

Infants and elderly individuals are also at higher risk for infections.

✔ Treatment:

Antifungal medications are commonly used to treat local infections.

Systemic infections may require more intensive antifungal therapy.

✔ Prevention:

Good hygiene (washing hands, cleaning skin folds, and keeping areas dry).

Managing underlying conditions (e.g., controlling blood sugar in diabetes).

Avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics that can disrupt the natural microbial balance.

When Candida albicans enters the body and begins to grow excessively, the innate immune system (the body’s first line of defence) reacts immediately. The skin, mouth, gut, and genital tract are the first places where Candida can be found. In these areas, the body’s cells produce signals that alert immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages to the infection site (Pappas et al., 2018). These immune cells attempt to destroy the fungi by engulfing them or producing harmful substances. Inflammation occurs as part of the immune response, which helps to limit the spread of the infection.

The adaptive immune system also plays an important role. T helper cells (CD4+ T cells) become activated and produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which increases the activity of macrophages and other immune cells to clear the infection (Romani, 2011). B cells produce antibodies, such as IgA, that help block Candida from attaching to the mucosal surfaces, preventing further infection (Moyes et al., 2016).

Despite this robust immune response, Candida albicans can adapt and evade the immune system. It can change its form from a single-celled yeast to a more invasive filamentous structure, which helps it avoid detection by immune cells (Moyes et al., 2016). People with weakened immune systems—such as those with HIV/AIDS or those undergoing chemotherapy—are more vulnerable to Candida infections because their immune systems are less capable of keeping the fungus in check. This can lead to chronic or severe infections.

When Candida albicans grows out of control, it can cause a variety of symptoms depending on where the infection occurs. The most common symptoms are related to digestive issues, such as bloating, gas, abdominal cramps, and diarrhoea (Pappas et al., 2018).

If the infection occurs in the mouth, it may lead to oral thrush, where white patches appear on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks (Moyes et al., 2016). This can cause discomfort or pain when swallowing.

In the genital area, especially in women, Candida overgrowth can lead to a vaginal yeast infection, causing itching, pain, redness, and unusual discharge (Pappas et al., 2018). Men may experience itching or irritation on the penis, especially under the foreskin.

In severe cases, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, Candida albicans can invade deeper tissues, leading to systemic infections. This can cause symptoms like fever, chills, low blood pressure, and organ failure if left untreated (Romani, 2011).

Candida albicans is a common fungus found in the human gut, with a notable presence in South Africa. Studies have shown that C. albicans is prevalent in the gut microbiomes of South African children, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. In these communities, young children under 2 years old have been shown to carry higher levels of this fungus. While it is typically harmless, an overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to gastrointestinal issues, including bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. This is particularly concerning in rural areas where sanitation and healthcare access are limited, leading to higher risks of infections like yeast infections or chronic digestive problems (Ngobeni et al., 2022).

In South Africa, the overgrowth of C. albicans is linked to weakened immune systems, such as those affected by HIV/AIDS or chronic illnesses. The rise in antifungal resistance in Candida species complicates treatment, making it harder to manage infections. Studies show that a high-fibre diet, good hygiene, and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome can help control C. albicans levels and prevent overgrowth. Preventative measures like proper handwashing, safe food and water practices, and managing underlying conditions are crucial to reducing the spread of C. albicans in communities, especially in rural areas with higher infection risks (Ngobeni et al., 2022; Pappas et al., 2018).

1. Follow a High-Fiber Diet

Eating a diet rich in fiber from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is one of the best ways to support a balanced gut microbiome. Fiber nourishes beneficial bacteria that help keep Candida albicans in check and maintain gut health (Makki et al., 2018).

2. Incorporate Probiotics

Probiotics, found in foods like yogurt, kefir, and fermented vegetables, support the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut. These probiotics can help prevent Candida overgrowth by strengthening the gut barrier and outcompeting harmful microbes (Feng & Xiao, 2011).

3. Improve Gut Health with Antioxidants

Eating foods rich in antioxidants, such as berries, green leafy vegetables, and garlic, can help reduce inflammation and protect the gut lining. These foods support the immune system and prevent the overgrowth of Candida by promoting a healthy, balanced microbiome (Xu et al., 2015).

4. Maintain Good Hygiene

Proper hygiene is key to preventing Candida overgrowth. Wash hands frequently, especially before eating and after using the toilet. Also, ensure that fruits and vegetables are thoroughly washed to avoid contamination with Candida spores (Pappas et al., 2018).

5. Limit Sugar and Refined Carbs

Excessive sugar and refined carbohydrates can fuel the growth of Candida in the gut. Reducing intake of sugary foods and drinks can help maintain healthy Candida levels and prevent overgrowth (Moyes et al., 2016).

6. Avoid Unnecessary Antibiotics

Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the gut, leading to an overgrowth of Candida. Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a healthcare professional, and always complete the full course to prevent resistance (Moyes et al., 2016).

Key Takeaways

High-fiber and probiotic-rich diets are essential for keeping Candida levels balanced.

Antioxidant-rich foods help protect gut health and reduce inflammation.

Hygiene and limiting sugar can prevent Candida overgrowth.

Use antibiotics only when necessary to protect gut microbiome balance.